Abdominal Wall Hernias. Types, Symptoms and Treatment options

A hernia is the protrusion of an organ or tissue, usually part of the intestine, through a weakness or defect in the abdominal wall. This protrusion creates a visible or palpable lump and may be accompanied by pain or discomfort, especially during activities that increase abdominal pressure or physical exertion.

Types of Hernias

The most common types of hernias include:

• Inguinal hernia: Protrudes in the inguinal canal area, more common in men.

• Umbilical hernia: Appears around the navel.

• Incisional hernia: Occurs at the site of a previous surgical incision due to inadequate healing of the abdominal wall.

• Epigastric hernia: Protrudes in the upper midline of the abdominal wall, usually small and sometimes asymptomatic.

• Femoral hernia: Appears below the inguinal ligament, more common in women and carries a higher risk of incarceration.

  
  

Symptoms and Risks

The most common symptoms include:

• A lump or swelling at the hernia site, which may increase or decrease in size,

• A feeling of pressure or heaviness in the abdomen,

• Pain or discomfort, especially when bending, lifting, or coughing.

The main risks include:

• Incarceration: When the protrusion becomes trapped and cannot return to the abdominal cavity, causing severe pain and possible bowel obstruction.

• Strangulation: Reduced or complete loss of blood flow to the trapped intestine, a medical emergency requiring immediate surgery.

Treatment

The definitive treatment for a hernia is surgical repair, which can be performed either laparoscopically or via open surgery. In both approaches, a mesh may be placed to reinforce the abdominal wall.

The choice of technique depends on the type and severity of the hernia, as well as the patient’s clinical characteristics.