Colorectal Cancer Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Modern Treatment Options

Symptoms, Diagnosis, and Modern Treatment Options

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignancies worldwide and a leading cause of cancer-related death. Despite its seriousness, it is a preventable disease, and when diagnosed early, it can be treated with excellent outcomes. Proper patient education and preventive screening play a crucial role in effective management.

What is Colorectal Cancer

Colorectal cancer develops in the colon or rectum, often arising from benign growths called polyps. Over time, some polyps can transform into malignant tumors, which makes early detection through screening particularly important.

Risk factors include:

• Age (especially over 50 years),

• Family history of colorectal cancer,

• Diet high in red meat and low in fiber,

• Obesity, smoking, and a sedentary lifestyle,

• Inflammatory bowel diseases.

Symptoms

In the early stages, colorectal cancer may not cause noticeable symptoms, which is why screening is essential. When symptoms do appear, they may include:

• Changes in bowel habits (diarrhea, constipation, or alternating patterns),

• Blood or mucus in the stool,

• Unexplained iron-deficiency anemia,

• Persistent fatigue,

• Abdominal pain, bloating, or a sensation of incomplete evacuation,

• Unintentional weight loss.

Persistent symptoms should always prompt immediate medical evaluation.

Diagnosis

Colonoscopy is the gold standard for diagnosing colorectal cancer. During the procedure:

• The colon is directly visualized,

• Polyps can be removed,

• Biopsies can be obtained for histopathological examination.

In cases of rectal cancer, additional imaging studies are performed, including pelvic MRI and endorectal ultrasound, to accurately assess the tumor’s size, depth, and relationship to surrounding tissues, as well as lymph node involvement.

Once the diagnosis is confirmed, staging is performed using imaging studies such as CT scans of the chest and abdomen to determine the extent of the disease and guide treatment planning.

Treatment

Treatment depends on the stage of the disease, the patient’s overall health, and the tumor’s location.

Surgical Management

Surgery is the primary treatment in most cases. The goal is the complete removal of the tumor along with the affected segment of the colon or rectum and the associated lymph nodes.

Today, many procedures can be performed using minimally invasive techniques, such as laparoscopic surgery, which offer:

• Less postoperative pain,

• Faster recovery,

• Shorter hospital stays,

• Improved cosmetic outcomes.

Adjuvant Therapies

Depending on the stage, surgery may be combined with chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy, especially in more advanced stages or in rectal cancer cases.

Prevention and Screening

Colorectal cancer is one of the few cancers that can often be prevented. Colonoscopy screening is recommended:

• For individuals over 50 years of age,

• Earlier for those with family history or other risk factors.

Early polyp removal can prevent the development of cancer.

Tips from Dr. Pourgouri

Proper patient education, preventive screening, and early diagnosis are the most effective strategies in managing colorectal cancer. Modern surgical techniques, combined with available adjuvant therapies, provide excellent outcomes, particularly when the disease is detected at an early stage.